Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2020)                   JAD 2020, 2(3): 24-36 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Joshi G, Neupane B, Dahal D, Shrestha S, Dhakal P, Jandug C M B et al . Assessment of human-wildlife conflict in Kailali district of Nepal. JAD 2020; 2 (3) :24-36
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html
1- Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
2- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China / College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Caraga State University, Philippines
3- Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Nepal / School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China , deepakgautamiof@gmail.com
Abstract:   (9856 Views)
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is on an increasing trend and has become one of the most challenging problems for the rural communities of developing nations like Nepal. There is limited information available on HWC in Kailali district, Nepal. The objective of our study was to explore the different incidents and the perceptions of local people on HWC within four different sites in Kailali district. To collect information three different methods were used, a questionnaire survey (n= 80), key informant interviews (n= 10) and focus group discussions (n= 4); all during February and March 2018. Different records of HWC incidents were collected that occurred during the period of one year in 2017, except for information on human attacks which were collected from 2015 to 2017. Of the total of 102 HWC incidents, crop damage was the most severe problem followed by property damage (15) and livestock depredation (9). The Asian elephant (n= 54) was the most conflicting species for crop damage, followed by the Rhesus macaque (n= 23) and the wild pig (n= 14). Similarly, property damage was mostly caused by elephants (n= 10) and other animals (n= 5). Rice (43%) was the most damaged crop type by the conflicting species, followed by wheat (28%) and then maize (9%). For property damage, 19% of respondents reported suffering house damage while 11% suffered damage to stored food. Shouting and hitting drums was the most applied measure during HWC’s but other measures for human-wild animals co-existence and resolution are suggested.
Full-Text [PDF 2114 kb]   (3783 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Research Article | Subject: Ecological Diversity
Received: 2020/05/10 | Accepted: 2020/09/15 | Published: 2020/11/28

References
1. Acharya, K. P., Paudel, P. K., Neupane, P. R. and Köhl, M. (2016). Human-wildlife conflicts in Nepal: patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by large mammals. PloS One, 11 (9): e0161717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161717 [DOI]
2. Adhikari, J. N., Bhattarai, B. P. and Thapa, T. B. (2018). Human-wild mammal conflict in a human dominated midhill landscape: a case study from Panchase area in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 23 (1): 30–38.
3. Awasthi, B. and Singh, N. B. (2015). Status of human-wildlife conflict and assessment of crop damage by wild animals in Gaurishankar conservation area, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 20 (1): 107–111.
4. Ayadi, D. P. (2011). Human-wildlife conflict in buffer zone area: a study of Banke National Park, Nepal. Ph.D thesis. Environment Science of Tribhuvan University, College of Applied Sciences, Nepal.
5. Bailey, R. H. (2011). A study of the relationship between crop damages inflicted by the one-horned Indian rhinoceros and the defensive response to these damages by farmers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. M.Sc. thesis. School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, Canada. 78 pp.
6. Baral, N. and Heinen, J. T. (2007). Resources use, conservation attitudes, management intervention and park-people relations in the Western Terai landscape of Nepal. Environmental conservation, 34 (1): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892907003670 [DOI]
7. Bhatta, S. (2003). Draft report on elephant- human conflict in Nepal Terai Park areas with particular emphasis to Western Terai Arc Landscape. A report submitted to Terai Arc Landscape Strategic Plan (2004–2014). His Majesty Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
8. Bhattarai, B. P. and Basnet, K. (2004). Assessment of crop damage by wild ungulates in the eastern side of Barandabhar Corridor Forest, Chitwan. Proceedings of IV National Conference on Science and Technology, 23–26.
9. DCC Kailali (2015). District Development Plan of Kailali District (Fiscal Year 2015/2016). Information and Documentation Center. District Coordination Committee Office, Kailali, Nepal.
10. Dhakal, B. and Thapa, B. (2019). Residents’ perceptions of human–elephant conflict: case study in Bahundangi, Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21 (1): 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0047-1 [DOI]
11. Distefano, E. (2005). Human-wildlife conflict worldwide: collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. SARD Initiative Report, FAO, Rome. 34 pp.
12. Fernando, P., Wikramanayake, E., Weerakoon, D., Jayasinghe, L. K. A., Gunawardene, M. and Janaka, H. K. (2005). Perceptions and patterns of human–elephant conflict in old and new settlements in Sri Lanka: insights for mitigation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 2465–2481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0216-z [DOI]
13. Gautam, D., Basnet, S., Karki, P.,Thapa, B., Ojha, P., Poudel, U., Gautam, S., Adhikari, D., Sharma, A., Miya, M. S., Khatri, A. and Thapa, A. (2020). A review on dendrochronological potentiality of the major tree species of Nepal. Forest Research, 9 (2): No. 227.
14. Gurung, B., Smith, J. L. D., McDougal, C., Karki, J. B. and Barlow, A. (2008). Factors associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation, 141 (12): 3069–3078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.013 [DOI]
15. Jnawali, S. R. (1989). Park people conflict: assessment of crop damage and human harassment by rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Sauraha area adjacent to the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. M.Sc. thesis. As, Agricultural University of Norway. 102 pp.
16. Hedges, S. and Gunaryadi, D. (2010). Reducing human–elephant conflict: do chillies help deter elephants from entering crop fields? Oryx, 44 (1): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309990093 [DOI]
17. Kafle, K., Thanet, D. R., Poudel, P., Gautam, D., Thapa, G. and Bhatt, P. (2020). Status and conservation threats to large mammals of the Laljhadi Mohana Biological Corridor, Nepal. Journal of Animal Diversity, 2 (2): 16–33. https://doi.org/10.29252/JAD.2020.2.2.3 [DOI]
18. Lamsal, S. (2012). The park-people conflict in the Chitwan National Park with reference to the Asiatic one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). M.Sc. thesis. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 41 pp.
19. Limbu, K. P. and Karki, T. B. (2003). Park–people Conflict in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Our Nature, 1 (1): 15–18.
20. Liu, F., McShea, W. J., Garshelis, D. L., Zhu, X., Wang, D. and Shao, L. (2011). Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China. Biological Conservation, 144 (1): 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.009 [DOI]
21. Madden, F. (2004). Preventing and mitigating human–wildlife conflicts: World Parks Congress recommendation. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9 (4): 259–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505684 [DOI]
22. McDougall, C., Ojha, H., Pandey, R. K., Banjade, M. R. and Pandit, B. H. (2007). Enhancing adaptiveness and collaboration in community forestry in Nepal: reflections from participatory action research, In: Fisher, R., Prabhu, R. and McDougall, C. (Eds.), Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia: experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 52–92.
23. Neupane, B. (2014). Caste-wise differences in livelihood activities that affected adaptation against extreme weather events and climate variability. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research, 2 (4): 71–82.
24. Neupane, B., Budhathoki, S. and Khatiwoda, B. (2018). Human-elephant conflict and mitigation measures in Jhapa District, Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 16 (1): 103–112.
25. Nyhus, P. J. and Tilson, R. (2000). Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx, 34 (4): 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00132.x [DOI]
26. Pandey, P., Shaner, P. L. and Sharma, H. P. (2016). The wild boar as a driver of human-wildlife conflict in the protected park lands of Nepal. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 62: 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0978-5 [DOI]
27. Pant, G., Dhakal, M., Pradhan, N. M. B., Leverington, F. and Hockings, M. (2016). Nature and extent of human–elephant Elephas maximus conflict in central Nepal. Oryx, 50 (4): 724–731. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000381 [DOI]
28. Parker, G. E., Osborn, F. V., Hoare, R. E. and Niskanen, L. S. (2007). Human-elephant conflict mitigation: a training course for community-based approaches in Africa. Trainer’s Manual. Elephant Pepper Development Trust, Livingstone, Zambia and UCN/SSC AfESG, Nairobi, Kenya. 37 pp.
29. Rao, K. S., Maikhuri, R. K., Nautiyal, S. and Saxena, K. G. (2002). Crop damage and livestock depredation by wildlife: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 66 (3): 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0587 [DOI]
30. Secretariat, C. A. and Durbar, S. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2015. Kathmandu: Constituent Assembly Secretariat.
31. Sekhar, N. U. (1998). Crop and livestock depredation caused by wild animals in protected areas: the case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Conservation, 25 (2): 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000204 [DOI]
32. Shrestha, R., Bajracharya, S. B. and Pradhan, N. M. B. (2007). A case study on human-wildlife conflict in Nepal (with particular reference to human elephant conflict in eastern and western Terai). A study report submitted to WWF Nepal program, Nepal.
33. Thapa, S. (2010). Effectiveness of crop protection methods against wildlife damage: a case study of two villages at Bardia National Park, Nepal. Crop Protection, 29 (11): 1297–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.06.015 [DOI]
34. Thapa, T. B. (2014). Human caused mortality in the leopard (Panthera pardus) population of Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 19 (1): 155–159.
35. Timsina, T. B. and Ranjitkar, P. (2014). Factors influencing human wildlife conflict in communities around protected area - the case of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in Eastern Nepal. International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3 (1), 200–213.
36. Treves, A. (2007). Balancing the needs of people and wildlife: when wildlife damage crops and prey on livestock. Land Tenure Center, Nelson Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. 10 pp.
37. Treves, A. and Bruskotter, J. (2014). Tolerance for predatory wildlife. Science, 344 (6183): 476–477. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252690 [DOI]
38. Vedeld, P., Jumane, A., Wapalila, G. and Songorwa, A. (2012). Protected areas, poverty and conflicts: A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 21: 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.01.008 [DOI]
39. Wang, S. W., Lassoie, J. P. and Curtis, P. D. (2006). Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Environmental Conservation, 33 (2): 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906002931 [DOI]
40. White, P. C. L. and Ward, A. I. (2011). Interdisciplinary approaches for the management of existing and emerging human–wildlife conflicts. Wildlife Research, 37 (8): 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10191 [DOI]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

  | Journal of Animal Diversity

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb