The transition from the vegetative phase to reproductive phase is the most important event in production and genetic innovation. This phenomenon is influenced by many genetic and environmental factors in plants. According to studies carried out in this field, one of the environmental factors affects the reproductive and flowering process is Trichoderma species, which is abundant in soil. This study was carried out to evaluate the ability of two recombinant Trichoderma harzianum strains containing chimeric chit 42 (with CHBD domain) and wild-type strain to promote common bean flowering and yield increase in vivo condition. To do this, flowering parameters such as a number of flowers, flowering time and effective parameters in yield were evaluated. Also, expression level of some flowering-related genes such as FT and SOC1 were measured using real-time PCR. The results showed that the bean plants treated with recombinant strains had a significantly increased number of flowers and earlier flowering compared to the control and wild type Trichoderma. Also, plants treated with recombinant strains showed a significant difference in the number and weight of the pod compared to the plant treated with wild type strain and non-treated plants. In addition, the plants treated with T13 strain showed more expression levels of the FT and SOC1 genes (with ratio of 3.42 and 3.41 fold respectively) compared to other treatments and control plant. Finally, T13 recombinant strain exhibited a better performance compared to the other strains through a positive effect on flowering and then increased the crop yield.

To investigate the effect of exogenous brassinosteroid application on grain yield, catalase, chlorophyll content, membrane mtability index and gene expression of some genes involving in brassinosteroid signaling pathway (BES1 and BRI1) under drought stress, a split-split plot on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2019. The main factor was two irrigation treatments (normal irrigation and water holding after 50% flowering stage), the subplots were four concentrations of brassinosteroid (0, 0.25, 0.625 and 1 mg/l) and seven genotypes (Mehregan, Paris, 2858, 3505, 3737, 4228 and 4056) were considered as sub-sub plots. Samples were taken at 30 days after 50% flowering stage (zadoks 89) from flag leaves. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced grain yield, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index and increased catalase in all genotypes. Genotype 4228 was identified as the most tolerant genotype among unknown wheat genotypes based on grian yield, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index and catalase. Also, the result revealed that applied epibrassinolide could reduce the destructive effects of drought stress on wheat thus grain yield was enhanced under drought stress in all genotypes by increasing the aforementioned traits. Forethermore, grain yield was increased by rising the epibrasinolide concentration. Gene expression pattern of TaBES1 and TaBRI1 using real-time PCR showed that although brassinosteroid enhances drought tolerance in wheat but its signaling pathway is different from the BRI1 signaling pathway.

Drought, an abiotic stress, considered as one of the factors limiting food resources. The plant responses to adaptive to such a condition are accompanied with changes in the expression pattern of some functional as well as regulatory genes. The MYB proteins include a big family of transcription factors which are highly important in regulating development process and immunizing responses of plants. This research was conducted to evaluate the expression of TaMYB73 transcription factor and catalase and polyphenol peroxidase enzymes activity in bread wheat cultivars (Hamoon, Hirmand, Kavir, Bolani, and Cross Bolani) under drought stress conditions. Factorial experiment was conducted in pot based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Following 45 days from seed planting (four- leaf stage), drought stress was done at five levels of different irrigation and then the leaves of treated plants were sampled to measure of enzyme activity and gene expression. After RNA extraction and c DNA synthesis, the gene expression pattern was evaluated using Real-time PCR and data analysis was performed via 2^{-ΔΔ ct} method. The results showed that TaMYB73 gene expression level as well as the catalase and polyphenol peroxidase enzymes activities corresponding to the Hirmand cultivar was higher than the other cultivars.

Ferulago angulata (Schlecht) Boiss is one of the valuable and endemic medicinal plants of Iran, which is of great importance due to the source of terpenoid compounds and antimicrobial properties. In current study, the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid and yeast extract in cell suspension culture of F.angulata on expression pattern of the HMGR and GPPS genes (involved in terpenes biosynthesis) were investigated for the first time. The F. angulata cell suspension cultures were initiated and established using calli derived from leaf explants, and salicylic acid and yeast extract elicitors (with 50, 100 and 150 mg/L concentrations) were added to the cultures during active growth. Then, the cell samples were prepared at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Analysis of expression pattern of HMGR and GPPS genes using Real-time PCR showed that the expression of both genes were significantly influenced by the type and concentration of the elicitors and also the times after treatment. The relative expression of HMGR and GPPS genes under elicitors were increased compared to the control, and furthermore, the increase in the relative expression of these genes under salicylic acid treatment was significantly higher than that of yeast extract treatment. The highest relative expression of GPPS and HMGR genes was related to 100 mg/L salicylic acid treatment at 24 hours after treatment. However, the highest relative expression of these genes was observed under the 24 and 72 hours after treatment of 150 mg/L yeast extract. The results of this study could be useful in metabolic engineering of F. angulata.