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Assessment of human-wildlife conflict in Kailali district of Nepal
Gauri Joshi, Bijaya Neupane, Deepa Dahal, Sami Shrestha, Prakash Dhakal, Catherine Mhae B. Jandug, Deepak Gautam,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is on an increasing trend and has become one of the most challenging problems for the rural communities of developing nations like Nepal. There is limited information available on HWC in Kailali district, Nepal. The objective of our study was to explore the different incidents and the perceptions of local people on HWC within four different sites in Kailali district. To collect information three different methods were used, a questionnaire survey (n= 80), key informant interviews (n= 10) and focus group discussions (n= 4); all during February and March 2018. Different records of HWC incidents were collected that occurred during the period of one year in 2017, except for information on human attacks which were collected from 2015 to 2017. Of the total of 102 HWC incidents, crop damage was the most severe problem followed by property damage (15) and livestock depredation (9). The Asian elephant (n= 54) was the most conflicting species for crop damage, followed by the Rhesus macaque (n= 23) and the wild pig (n= 14). Similarly, property damage was mostly caused by elephants (n= 10) and other animals (n= 5). Rice (43%) was the most damaged crop type by the conflicting species, followed by wheat (28%) and then maize (9%). For property damage, 19% of respondents reported suffering house damage while 11% suffered damage to stored food. Shouting and hitting drums was the most applied measure during HWC’s but other measures for human-wild animals co-existence and resolution are suggested.

Domestication of rice reshaped associated biodiversity of rice field ecosytem
Ayan Mondal, Nilanjan Das, Sudipto Mandal,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
The domestication of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a rich history with its diversification from wild progenitors based on genetic differences. For human benefit, natural environments have been agriculturally modified. Concurrently, the biodiversity of natural or wild environments is greatly affected. Here, a comparison has been made between the biodiversity associated with wild-type rice and domesticated rice fields. Species were categorized into broad groups, i.e. Arthropoda (Arth), Other Invertebrate (OInv), Vertebrate (Vert), Algae (Alg), Fungi (Fng), Pteridophyta (Ptrd), and Higher Plant (HPlan). Physico-chemical factors including water depth (WD), water pH (pH), temperature (T), total hardness (TH), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), turbidity (Turb), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured directly in the field. Statistical analysis such as Student’s t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for equal distributions, tests for dominance and multiple indices including Simpson, Shannon, and Evenness were used to assess the biodiversity. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used for community comparisons, and SIMPER analysis was used to assess dissimilarity between taxa. The Artificial Neural Network model (ANN) was applied to assess the relative importance of factors governing the system. The present study showed the assemblage of species in the wild along with domestication. The vertebrate species number was well correlated with all the other biotic groups indicating a bottom-up controlling pattern in the rice field ecosystem. The ANN analysis showed that of the environmental factors examined, WD played the most important role followed by pH, T, DOC, and DO as the next most influential factors in distinguishing wild and domesticated rice field ecosystems. SIMPER analysis demonstrated that arthropods were a major contributor to dissimilarity. Collectively our results showed that the domestication of rice led to a decline in biodiversity.  

Status, patterns, and trends of human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Anisha Parajuli, Chitra Rekha Basyal, Manoj Baral, Hari Adhikari, Shailendra Kumar Yadav, Janga Bdr. Basnet, Sachin Timilsina,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) are common in locations where human settlements and wildlife ecosystems intersect. Conflict between people and wildlife is a significant conservation issue that is challenging to resolve. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the trends, status, and patterns of HWC in the Buffer Zone (BZ) of Chitwan National Park (CNP) from July 2012 to July 2021. Primary data were collected through household surveys, key informant interviews (KIIs), direct observation, and secondary data from park offices, the Buffer Zone User Committee (BZUC), and institutions through reports, documents, and booklets. Our study shows crop raiding was the most common and notable problem, followed by livestock depredation, with 4416 documented cases. According to the report, elephants are the biggest conflict-causing species, accounting for 37.86% of overall losses. HWC occurrences peaked in 2018, accounting for 23.41% of total incidents from July 2012 to July 2021. During the research period, victims of HWC received compensation totaling ~0.805 million US dollars (106641196.00 Nepalese rupees). Autumn is identified as the greatest season for HWC, owing to paddy harvesting, which draws animals. Most people believe that the population density of wildlife increases in the park due to positive human participation. By adopting a participatory management approach to conservation, the park has the potential to increase the number of locals who benefit from it significantly.

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