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Comparative behavioral ecology of the White-Bellied Sea Eagle and Brahminy Kite (Aves: Accipitriformes) in Northwestern Malaysia
Abolghasem Khaleghizadeh, Shahrul Anuar,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2019)
Abstract
Behavioral events of two raptor species, the White-bellied Sea Eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster Gmelin, 1788 and Brahminy Kite, Haliastur indus Boddaert, 1783 were studied once every two weeks in two locations in northwestern Malaysia, namely Balik Pulau and Kuala Sepetang, from September 2012 to September 2013. The average total number of behavioral events per hour was 45.9 (±40.3 SD), 117.0 (±131.7 SD), and 285.8 (±185.0 SD) for H. leucogaster at Balik Pulau, and H. indus at Balik Pulau and Kuala Sepetang, respectively. The total number of individuals of each species observed was significantly influenced by the time of day and weather (p<0.05). It was observed that the percentage of time spent for perching, flying, hunting and competition was significantly different between these two species and between two locations. The total number of behavioral events during observation dates was no different for the White-bellied Sea Eagle than that of the Brahminy Kite. Overall, the percentage of time that the birds spent perching, flying, hunting, social behavior and competition was different between species. The highest rate of successful predation was 94.6% for H. leucogaster while it was lower for H. indus at Balik Pulau (72.8%). The time of day was an effective factor for determining behaviors of H. leucogaster while it was not significant for H. indus. The effect of boat numbers and weather on behavior varied between species and locations. The state of the tide and the number of crows present did not have any significant effect on activities of these two species. Results of the comparison of the percentage of occurrence of five types of behavior between adults and juveniles showed that behaviors of perching, hunting and social behavior were different for H. leucogaster, behaviors of perching, flying and social interaction for H. indus at Balik Pulau and behaviors of perching, flying, hunting and social interaction for H. indus at Kuala Sepetang. However, they did not show different behavioral events of involving competition.

Predation on the Indian Bull frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) (Anura: Dicroglossidae) by the Asian House Shrew Suncus murinus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Nepal
Bivek Gautam, Santosh Bhattarai,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
We present a natural history account of the first record of probable predation on the Indian bull frog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus by the Asian House Shrew, Suncus murinus from Morang district, Nepal. The present communication provides an example of a nearly equal-sized predator-prey interaction in a natural ecosystem and provides interesting information on the natural history of these taxa.

Survival strategy–Temporal segregation of different age and sex classes of a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus) population in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh India
Aniruddha Majumdar,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2023)
Abstract
Temporal activity patterns of different age and sex classes of a Bengal tiger population were studied at Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh between May 2006 and July 2009 using systematic camera traps. Based on the exact time of photo-capture tigers, information on temporal activity patterns of following age and sex categories of individual tigers (resident male (n= 55 photographs), female with cubs or breeding female (n= 70 photographs), female without cubs or non-breeding female (n= 72 photographs) and transient male (n= 42 photographs)) were recorded. Breeding females utilized significantly different activity period compared to transient males (P< 0.001) and females without cubs (P<0.001). Overall activity period between breeding female and resident male did not differ significantly (P >0.6) during the study period. The observed temporal segregation may provide valuable information on cub survival strategies adopted by breeding tigresses, potentially enhancing their reproductive success in a tropical deciduous forest. The adoption of camera trap-based population monitoring studies is advocated for the reproductive behavior of elusive large carnivores such as tigers in the wild on a long-term basis.

Factors influencing roost site preference of Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri, Psittacidae, Psittaciformes) in urban areas of north Gujarat, India
Jahnvi Patel, Pratikkumar Desai, Vishal Patel, Nishith Dharaiya,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
The study investigated the roosting patterns of Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) across six locations in the state of Gujarat, India. Roost sites included 383 trees, of which 228 were used for final roosting and 155 served as pre-roosting sites. The study was conducted over a period of four months from 2019 to 2020. A total of 20 different tree species were identified as roost sites, with Ficus benghalensis being the most utilized. Overall, 228 roosting trees, spread across 12 locations, hosted 50,161 parakeets, with the highest concentration occurring in gardens. Tree height and canopy cover significantly correlated with parakeet numbers, with taller trees (>15 m) and those with canopy cover >100 m² supporting the most parakeets. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed these relationships (R²= 0.1661 for height, R²= 0.3610 for canopy cover, both P< 0.01). No significant monthly variation in parakeet numbers was observed. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values ranged from 0.007 to 0.51, with a mean of 0.16 for roosting sites, suggesting suitable roosting areas are scattered in dense vegetation, predominantly on the city periphery. The study underscores the significance of tree height and canopy cover to parakeet roosting site selection.

Foraging and diving pattern of the Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger (Vieillot) (Pelecaniformes: Phalacrocoracidae) of Ecopark, Kolkata, India
Lina Chatterjee, Abhik Rong, C. S. Samrat, Saswati Sinha, Tarak Samanta, Arjan Basu Roy,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (9-2024)
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the feeding behaviour and diving habits of the Little Cormorant (Microcarbo niger) in the vicinity of Pakhibitan, which is a component of Ecopark, the largest urban park located in Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The study took place for three days a week starting from September 2021 to February 2022. The Little Cormorant mostly used the Lake as a foraging location in Pakhibitan, with the highest number of dives (1957 dives, 10.78 ± 10.43 sec) and surface pauses (1980 surface pauses, 6.02 ± 5.48 sec) compared to a nearby smaller pond. The pattern of dive bout/surface pause showed considerable variability between lake (F = 1.055, df = 1, P > 0.05) and pond (F = 0.153, df = 1, P > 0.05). There may be a correlation between the average duration of dives and the average recovery time between dives, and the depth of the water bodies. In certain cases, longer dives were associated with longer rest periods, resulting in increased time spent searching for prey. Consequently, the foraging efficiency of the dives may decrease as the diving depth increases. The feeding behaviour of the Little Cormorant is subject to the influence of various environmental conditions, necessitating a more comprehensive investigation.

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