Volume 5, Issue 4 (10-2023)
JAD 2023, 5(4): 63-78 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Sagar L, Bdr Gurung D, Wangchuk K, L. Wangmo K, Dorji R, Zangmo T et al . Cyprinid (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) diversity and assemblage in south-central Bhutan. JAD 2023; 5 (4) :63-78
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-426-en.html
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-426-en.html
Laxmi Sagar 
1, Dhan Bdr Gurung2 , Karma Wangchuk3 , Karma L. Wangmo4 , Rinchen Dorji4 , Tshering Zangmo4 , Rupesh Subedi4
1, Dhan Bdr Gurung2 , Karma Wangchuk3 , Karma L. Wangmo4 , Rinchen Dorji4 , Tshering Zangmo4 , Rupesh Subedi4
1- College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan , sagarlssagar19@gmail.com
2- Department of Forest Science, College of Natural Resources Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
3- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
4- College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
2- Department of Forest Science, College of Natural Resources Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
3- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
4- College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Postal Code No. 14001, Punakha, Bhutan
Abstract: (1634 Views)
Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) is the predominate family among Bhutan's freshwater fishes, yet significant gaps exist in the knowledge of their diversity and assemblage. Cyprinids were sampled from 54 plots across four river basins (Aiechhu, Jaldakachhu, Mangdechhu, and Punatsangchhu) using systematic sampling at an interval of 5 km. A total of 850 individuals belonging to 22 species and 13 genera were recorded. Aiechhu had the highest diversity and evenness (H’= 1.66±0.28, J’= 0.95±0.03), followed by Punatsangchhu (H’= 1.58±0.34, J’= 0.94±0.04). Meanwhile, Jaldakachhu and Mangdechhu exhibited the lowest diversity and evenness (H’= 0.90±0.66, J’= 0.84±0.54 and H’= 0.54±0.70, J’= 0.38±0.49, respectively). There was a significant difference in diversity among river basins (χ2 (3)= 20.98, p < 0.001) with specific variation between Mangdechhu and Punatsangchhu (Z= 3.80, p= 0.00), Mangdechhu and Aiechhu (Z= 3.35, p= 0.01), and Jaldakachhu and Punatsangchhu (Z= 2.83, p= 0.03). Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that cyprinid assemblage was significantly correlated with environmental variables (r= 0.94, p= 0.001 in axis 1 and r= 0.82, p= 0.001 in axis 2) explaining 77% of variance. Axis 1 was positively correlated with temperature (r= 0.92), total dissolved solids (r= 0.53), conductivity (r= 0.51), and salinity (r= 0.39) and negatively correlated with elevation (r= −0.69). Axis 2 was negatively correlated with total hardness (r= −0.82) and dissolved oxygen (r= −0.65). Cluster analysis identified three clusters based on dominant species. Further studies exploring other river basins of Bhutan are needed to better understand the ecological dynamics of cyprinids in Bhutan.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Species Diversity
Received: 2023/09/7 | Accepted: 2023/12/18 | Published: 2023/12/31
Received: 2023/09/7 | Accepted: 2023/12/18 | Published: 2023/12/31
References
1. Adjovu, G. E., Stephen, H. and Ahmad, S. (2022). Monitoring of total dissolved solids using remote sensing band reflectance and salinity indices: A case study of the imperial county section, AZ-CA, of the Colorado River, In: Pierson, J. and Grubert, E. (Eds.), World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022: Adaptive Planning and Design in an Age of Risk and Uncertainty. American Society of Civil Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. pp. 1132-1145. [DOI:10.1061/9780784484258.106]
2. Al Dahaan, S. A. M., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutsson, S. (2016). Influence of groundwater hypothetical salts on electrical conductivity total dissolved solids. Engineering, 8 (11): 823-830. [DOI:10.4236/eng.2016.811074]
3. Armbruster, J. W. (2012). Standardized measurements, landmarks, and meristic counts for cypriniform fishes. Zootaxa, 3586 (1): 8-16. [DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.3]
4. Arunkumar, L. (2020). Review of the spiny eels of northeast India with description of Macrognathus dhanzei sp. nov. (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 8 (5): 44-50.
5. Baselga, A. (2010). Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19 (1): 134-143. [DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x]
6. Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D. and Rice, E. W. (Eds.) (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd Edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington D.C., USA. 1545 pp.
7. Benke, M., Brändle, M., Albrecht, C. and Wilke, T. (2011). Patterns of freshwater biodiversity in Europe: Lessons from the spring snail genus Bythinella. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (10): 2021-2032. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02527.x]
8. Bhatt, J. P., Manish, K. and Pandit, M. K. (2012). Elevational gradients in fish Diversity in the Himalaya: Water discharge is the key driver of distribution patterns. PLoS ONE, 7 (9): 1-11. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0046237]
9. Biswas, S. P., Das, J. N., Sarkar, U. K. and Lakra, W. S. (2007). Ornamental Fishes of North East India: An Atlas. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow. 111 pp.
10. Borowia, M., Borowiak, D. and Kamil, N. (2020). Spatial differentiation and multiannual dynamics of water conductivity in lakes of the Suwałki landscape park. Water, 12 (5): 1-18. [DOI:10.3390/w12051277]
11. Carvajal-Quintero, J. D., Escobar, F., Alvarado, F., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Jaramillo-Villa, Ú. and Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. (2015). Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the Northern Andes, Colombia. Ecology and Evolution, 5 (13): 2608-2620. [DOI:10.1002/ece3.1539]
12. Changlu, Norbu, S., Wangchuk, K., Prasad Khanal, G., Tshering, S. and Tshering, P. (2021). Diversity of fishes across hydrological basins and elevational gradients in Eastern Bhutan: A Preliminary Analysis. Bhutan Journal of Animal Science, 5 (1): 27-36.
13. Chaudhary, K. and Limbu, J. H. (2021). Correlations between fish assemblage structure and environmental variables of taruwa pond in Nawalparasi district, Province no. 4, Nepal. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 11 (1): 1-8. [DOI:10.33736/bjrst.2077.2021]
14. Chaudhary, S., Limbu, J. H., Subba, S., Gurung, J. K., Pandey, N. and Singh, K. D. (2020). Fish assemblage structure and environmental Correlates in Nepal's west Rapti river, Banke. Our Nature, 18 (1): 28-37. [DOI:10.3126/on.v18i1.34239]
15. Chaya, T. M., Schafer, T. B. and Osborne, T. Z. (2023). Assessing water quality dynamics in tidally influenced blackwater rivers along a rural-urban gradient. Water, 15 (23): 1-15. [DOI:10.3390/w15234154]
16. Cheng, D., Zhao, X., Song, J., Sun, H. and Wang, S. (2019). Quantifying the distribution and diversity of fish species along elevational gradients in the Weihe River basin, northwest China. Sustainability, 11 (1): 1-16. [DOI:10.3390/su11216177]
17. Cheng, S. T., Herricks, E. E., Tsai, W. P. and Chang, F. J. (2016). Assessing the natural and anthropogenic influences on basin-wide fish species richness. Science of the Total Environment, 572: 825-836. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.120]
18. Collins, R. A., Armstrong, K. F., Meier, R., Yi, Y., Brown, S. D. J., Robert, H., Keeling, S. and Johnston, C. (2012). Barcoding and border biosecurity: Identifying cyprinid fishes in the aquarium trade. PLoS ONE, 7 (1): 1-13. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0028381]
19. Dewangan, S. K., Shrivastava, S., Kadri, M., Saruta, S., Yadav, S. and Minj, N. (2023). Temperature effect on electrical conductivity (EC) & total dissolved solids (TDS) of water: a review. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 10 (2): 514-520.
20. Dey, A., Choudhury, H., Mazumder, A., Bharali, R. C., Lal, K. K. and Sarma, D. (2021). Spatial and temporal dynamics of fish species assemblage and distribution in the Kameng river, northeast India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B - Biological Sciences, 91 (1): 123-130. [DOI:10.1007/s40011-020-01208-9]
21. Dolezsai, A., Sály, P., Takács, P., Hermoso, V. and Erős, T. (2015). Restricted by borders: trade-offs in transboundary conservation planning for large river systems. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24 (6): 1403-1421. [DOI:10.1007/s10531-015-0864-1]
22. Dong, D., Huang, G., Qu, X., Tao, W. and Fan, G. (2015). Temperature trend-altitude relationship in China during 1963-2012. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 122 (1): 285-294. [DOI:10.1007/s00704-014-1286-9]
23. Dorji, S. and Tenzin, J. (2023). New distribution record of fish Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) (Siluriformes: Ailiidae) from the Sarpang District in southern central part of Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15 (9): 23920-23924. [DOI:10.11609/jott.8496.15.9.23920-23924]
24. Dorji, U. and Gurung, D. B. (2017). Aquatic biodiversity of Bhutan, In: Gurung, D. B. and Katel, O. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Biodiversity of Bhutan in the Context of Climate Change and Economic Development. Center for Rural Development Studies, Lobesa, Punakha. pp. 1-23.
25. Dornelas, A. S. P., Sarmento, R. A., Cavallini, G. S., da Silva Barbosa, R., Vieira, M. M., de Souza Saraiva, A., Bordalo, M. D., Soares, A. M. V. M. and Pestana, J. L. T. (2020). Lethal and sublethal effects of the saline stressor sodium chloride on Chironomus xanthus and Girardia tigrina. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (27): 34223-34233. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-09556-9]
26. Durand, J., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Nulu, E. and Berrebi, P. (2002). Phylogeny and biogeography of the family Cyprinidae in the Middle East inferred from cytochrome b DNA - evolutionary significance of this region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22 (1): 91-100. [DOI:10.1006/mpev.2001.1040]
27. Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. and van der Laan, R. (2023). Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. www.eschmeyer'scatalogueoffishes.com (Accessed 22 August 2023).
28. Fernandes, I. M., Bastos, Y. F., Barreto, D. S. and Penha, J. M. (2017). The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 77 (3): 444-450. [DOI:10.1590/1519-6984.15015]
29. Ghobadi, M. H., Dehban Avan Stakhri, M. and Mirarabi, A. (2018). Investigating the hydrogeological properties of springs in a karstic aquifer in Dorfak region (Guilan Province, Iran). Environmental Earth Sciences, 77 (3): 1-19. [DOI:10.1007/s12665-018-7270-4]
30. Graham, C. and Harrod, C. (2009). Implications of climate change for the fishes of the British Isles. Journal of Fish Biology, 74 (6): 1143-1205. [DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02180.x]
31. Grandin, U. (2006). PC-ORD version 5: A user-friendly toolbox for ecologists. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17 (6): 843-844. [DOI:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02508.x]
32. Guo, Q., Liu, X., Ao, X., Qin, J., Wu, X. and Ouyang, S. (2018). Fish diversity in the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang river of China: Threats and conservation. PLoS ONE, 13 (11): 1-17. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0205116]
33. Gurung, D. B., Dorji, S., Tshering, U., and Wangyal, J. T. (2013). An annotated checklist of fishes from Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5 (14): 4880-4886. [DOI:10.11609/JoTT.o3160.4880-6]
34. Gurung, D. B. and Thoni, R. J. (2015). Fishes of Bhutan: A Preliminary Checklist. Centre for Rural Development Studies, College of Natural Resources, Lobesa, Punakha. 79 pp.
35. Hu, M., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, X. and Jian, S. (2019). Fish species composition, distribution and community structure in the lower reaches of Ganjiang River, Jiangxi, China. Scientific Reports, 9 (1): 1-13. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-46600-2]
36. Jaramillo-Villa, Ú., Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. and Escobar, F. (2010). Altitudinal variation in fish assemblage diversity in streams of the central Andes of Colombia. Journal of Fish Biology, 76 (10): 2401-2417. [DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02629.x]
37. Jayaram, K. C. (2010). The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India. 616 + xxxix pp.
38. Kautza, A. and Sullivan, S. M. P. (2012). Relative effects of local and landscape scale environmental factors on stream fish assemblages: Evidence from Idaho and Ohio, USA. Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 180 (3): 259-270. [DOI:10.1127/1863-9135/2012/0282]
39. Keat-chuan Ng, C., Aun-chuan Ooi, P., Wong, W. L. and Khoo, G. (2017). A review of fish taxonomy conventions and species identification techniques. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 4 (1): 54-93. [DOI:10.18331/SFS2017.4.1.6]
40. Kelzang, U., Habibi, A. F. and Thoni, R. J. (2021). Evaluation of fish diversity and abundance in the Kabul River with comparisons between reaches above and below Kabul City, Afghanistan. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (12): 19743-19752. [DOI:10.11609/jott.7532.13.12.19743-19752]
41. Khandu, P., Gale, G. A., Kinley, K., Tandin, T., Shimano, S. and Bumrungsri, S. (2022). Daily roosting behaviour of the critically endangered White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis as a function of day length. Biological Rhythm Research, 53 (5): 812-822. [DOI:10.1080/09291016.2020.1814525]
42. Kothari, V., Vij, S., Sharma, S. K. and Gupta, N. (2021). Correlation of various water quality parameters and water quality index of districts of Uttarakhand. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9 (8): 1-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.indic.2020.100093]
43. Lakra, W. S., Sarkar, U. K., Kumar, R. S., Pandey, A., Dubey, V. K. and Gusain, O. P. (2010). Fish diversity, habitat ecology and their conservation and management issues of a tropical river in Ganga basin, India. Environmentalist, 30 (4): 306-319. [DOI:10.1007/s10669-010-9277-6]
44. Li, J., Huang, L., Zou, L., Kano, Y., Sato, T. and Yahara, T. (2012). Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 93 (3): 403-417. [DOI:10.1007/s10641-011-9928-6]
45. Limbu, J. H., Bhurtel, B., Adhikari, A., Gc, P., Maharjan, M. and Sunuwar, S. (2020). Fish community structure and environmental correlates in Nepal's Andhi Khola, Province No. 4, Syangja. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 10 (2): 85-92. [DOI:10.33736/bjrst.2510.2020]
46. Maliki, A. A. A., Chabuk, A., Sultan, M. A., Hashim, B. M., Hussain, H. M. and Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Estimation of total dissolved solids in water bodies by spectral indices case study: Shatt al-Arab River. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 231 (9): 1-11. [DOI:10.1007/s11270-020-04844-z]
47. Margalef, R. (1958). Information Theory in Ecology. General Systems Yearbook, 3: 36-71.
48. Martemyanov, V. I. and Borisovskaya, E. V. (2012). Indices of salt and water metabolism in tubenose goby Proterorhinus marmoratus Pallas, introduced into Rybinsk reservoir, and in indigenous carp Cyprinus carpio L. depending on environmental salinity. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 3 (2): 110-117. [DOI:10.1134/S2075111712020075]
49. Matthews, W. J. (1986). Fish faunal "breaks" and stream order in the eastern and central United States. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 17 (2): 81-92. [DOI:10.1007/BF00001739]
50. Menhinick, E. (1964). A comparison of some species-individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insect. Ecology, 45: 589-861. [DOI:10.2307/1934933]
51. Morris, E. K., Caruso, T., Buscot, F., Fischer, M., Hancock, C., Maier, T. S., Meiners, T., Müller, C., Obermaier, E., Prati, D., Socher, S. A., Sonnemann, I., Wäschke, N., Wubet, T., Wurst, S. and Rillig, M. C. (2014). Choosing and using diversity indices: Insights for ecological applications from the German biodiversity exploratories. Ecology and Evolution, 4 (18): 3514-3524. [DOI:10.1002/ece3.1155]
52. National Research and Development Center for Riverine and Lake Fisheries (2020). Fishes of Eastern Bhutan. Species composition and distribution of fishes in the Aiechu, Manas and Nyera-Amachu river system. Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Thimphu. 261 pp.
53. Nelson, J. S., Grande, T. C. and Wilson, M. V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, USA. 752 pp. [DOI:10.1002/9781119174844]
54. Nicol, E., Stevens, J. R. and Jobling, S. (2017). Riverine fish diversity varies according to geographical isolation and land use modification. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (19): 7872-7883. [DOI:10.1002/ece3.3237]
55. Nikam, D. S., Shaikh, A. L., Salunkhe, P. S., Kamble, A. B. and Rao, K. R. (2014). Ichthyofaunal diversity of Ashti Lake, Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur (M.S.). Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3 (12): 4-5.
56. Nyanti, L., Yee, L. T. and Adha, K. (1995). Freshwater fishes from Bario, Kelabit highlands, Sarawak, In: Ismail, G. and Bin Din, L. (Eds.), A Scientific Journey Through Borneo: Sayap-Kinabalu Park, Sabah. Pelanduk Publications. Subang Jaya. pp. 183-191.
57. Passang. (2018). Diversity of waterbirds along Bindu river of Tashi Chhoeling (Samtse), Bhutan. Journal of the Bhutan Ecology Society, 3 (3): 45-55.
58. Pathak, A. K., Sarkar, U. K. and Singh, S. P. (2014). Spatial gradients in freshwater fish diversity, abundance and current pattern in the Himalayan region of upper Ganges basin, India. Biodiversitas, 15 (2): 186-194. [DOI:10.13057/biodiv/d150210]
59. Pavoine, S. and Ricotta, C. (2014). Functional and phylogenetic similarity among communities. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5: 666-675. [DOI:10.1111/2041-210X.12193]
60. Pielou, E. C. (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 13 (1): 131-144. [DOI:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0]
61. Pokharel, K. K., Basnet, K. B., Majupuria, T. C., Baniya, C. B., Pokharel, K. K., Basnet, K. B., Majupuria, T. C. and Chitra, B. (2018). Correlations between fish assemblage structure and environmental variables of the Seti Gandaki River Basin, Nepal. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 33 (1): 31-43. [DOI:10.1080/02705060.2017.1399170]
62. Radinger, J., Hölker, F., Horký, P., Slavík, O., Dendoncker, N. and Wolter, C. (2016). Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of future land use and climate change on river fish assemblages. Global Change Biology, 22 (4): 1505-1522. [DOI:10.1111/gcb.13183]
63. Rajbanshi, D., Limbu, J. H., Khadka, N., Kumar, P. and Kumar, J. (2021). Fish community structure along altitudinal gradients with relation to environmental variables in Ratuwa River of Eastern, Nepal. Our Nature, 19 (1): 70-81. [DOI:10.3126/on.v19i1.41265]
64. Ramírez, A., Gutiérrez-Fonseca, P. E., Kelly, S. P., Engman, A. C., Wagner, K., Rosas, K. G. and Rodríguez, N. (2018). Drought facilitates species invasions in an urban stream: results from a long-term study of tropical island fish assemblage structure. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6 (8): 1-12. [DOI:10.3389/fevo.2018.00115]
65. Roberts, C. G. and Britton, J. R. (2020). Spawning strategies in cypriniform fishes in a lowland river invaded by non-indigenous European barbel Barbus barbus. Hydrobiologia, 847 (19): 4031-4047. [DOI:10.1007/s10750-020-04394-9]
66. Royal Society for Protection of Nature (2022). Biodiversity report: A rapid biodiversity assessment in white-bellied Heron habitats along Punatsangchhu and Mangdechhu basins, Bhutan. Royal Society for Protection of Nature, Thimphu. 87 pp.
67. Saalidong, B. M., Aram, S. A., Otu, S. and Lartey, P. O. (2022). Examining the dynamics of the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters in ground and surface water systems. PLoS ONE, 17 (1): 1-17. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262117]
68. Sagar, L., Wangmo, K. L., Gurung, D. B., Wangchuk, K., Dorji, R., Subedi, R., Zangmo, T. and Dorji, P. (2023). First record of Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 26 (12): 708-714. [DOI:10.47853/FAS.2023.e63]
69. Sehr, M. and Keckeis, H. (2017). Habitat use of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri and association with other fish species in a disconnected Danube side arm. Journal of Fish Biology, 91 (4): 1072-1093. [DOI:10.1111/jfb.13402]
70. Shannon, C. and Wiener, W. (1948). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Illinois, USA. 125 pp.
71. Shen, Y., Guan, L., Wang, D. and Gan, X. (2016). DNA barcoding and evaluation of genetic diversity in Cyprinidae fish in the midstream of the Yangtze River. Ecology and Evolution, 6 (9): 1-12. [DOI:10.1002/ece3.2060]
72. Shrestha, S., Rajbanshi, D., Limbu, D. K. and Limbu, J. H. (2021). Relationships between environmental conditions and fish assemblages in the Lohore river of Dailekh, Western Nepal. Our Nature, 19 (1): 18-26. [DOI:10.3126/on.v19i1.41217]
73. Shrestha, T. K. (2008). Ichthyology of Nepal: A Study of Fishes of the Himalayan Waters. Himalayan Ecosphere, Kathmandu, Nepal. 390 pp.
74. Shukla, R. and Bhat, A. (2017). Environmental drivers of α-diversity patterns in monsoonal tropical stream fish assemblages: a case study from tributaries of Narmada basin, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 100 (7): 749-761. [DOI:10.1007/s10641-017-0601-6]
75. Simoes, M., Sassolas-Serrayet, T., Cattin, R., Le Roux-Mallouf, R., Ferry, M. and Drukpa, D. (2021). Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalaya. Earth Surface Dynamics, 9 (4): 895-921. [DOI:10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021]
76. Simpson, E. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163: 688. [DOI:10.1038/163688a0]
77. Soo, C. L., Nyanti, L., Idris, N. E., Ling, T. Y., Sim, S. F., Grinang, J., Ganyai, T., Suan, K. and Lee, P. (2021). Fish biodiversity and assemblages along the altitudinal gradients of tropical mountainous forest streams. Scientific Reports, 11 (1): 1-11. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-96253-3]
78. Sor, R., Ngor, P. B., Lek, S., Chann, K., Khoeun, R., Chandra, S., Hogan, Z. S. and Null, S. E. (2023). Fish biodiversity declines with dam development in the Lower Mekong basin. Scientific Reports, 13 (1): 1-12. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-35665-9]
79. Sørensen, T. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biologiske Skrifter, 5 (4): 1-34.
80. Tangjitjaroen, W., Randall, Z. S., Tongnunui, S., Boyd, D. A. and Page, L. M. (2023). Species of Garra (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) in the Salween River basin with description of an enigmatic new species from the Ataran River drainage of Thailand and Myanmar. Zoootaxa, 5311 (3): 375-392. [DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.5311.3.3]
81. Tariq, M. A. U. R., Wangchuk, K. and Muttil, N. (2021). A critical review of water resources and their management in Bhutan. Hydrology, 8 (1): 1-26. [DOI:10.3390/hydrology8010031]
82. Tenzin, J. (2022). Biodiversity checklists of Sarpang District: Reviewed and extracted from the published sources from the Bhutan and elsewhere. Divisional Forest Office, Sarpang, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Bhutan. 53 pp.
83. Tenzin, J., Dhendup, P., Dorji, D., Nidup, S. and Thinley, P. (2021). Annotated checklist and conservation status of mammal species in Sarpang. Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, 2 (3): 258-270. [DOI:10.47540/ijsei.v2i3.398]
84. Tenzin, J., Yangdon, Y., Wangchuk, K., Rinchen, P. and Tashi. (2022). Water sources inventory, annotated checklist, and distribution of water sources under Gelephu, Samtenling and Dekiling Gewog in Sarpang district, Bhutan. Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI), 3 (1): 49-57. [DOI:10.47540/ijsei.v3i1.452]
85. Ter Braak, C. J. F. and Verdonschot, P. F. M. (1995). Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Sciences, 57 (3): 255-289. [DOI:10.1007/BF00877430]
86. Thai, B. T., Si, V. N., Phan, P. D. and Austin, C. M. (2007). Phylogenetic evaluation of subfamily classification of the Cyprinidae focusing on Vietnamese species. Aquatic Living Resources, 20 (2): 143-153. [DOI:10.1051/alr:2007025]
87. Thomas, E. O. (2021). Effect of temperature on D.O and T.D.S: A measure of ground and surface water Interaction. Water Science, 35 (1): 11-21. [DOI:10.1080/11104929.2020.1860276]
88. Thomsen, M. S., Altieri, A. H., Angelini, C., Bishop, M. J., Bulleri, F., Farhan, R., Frühling, V. M. M., Gribben, P. E., Harrison, S. B., He, Q., Klinghardt, M., Langeneck, J., Lanham, B. S., Mondardini, L., Mulders, Y., Oleksyn, S., Ramus, A. P., Schiel, D. R., Schneider, T., Siciliano, A., Silliman, B. R., Smale, D. A., South, P. M., Wernberg, T., Zhang, S. and Zotz, G. (2022). Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation speciesincreases biodiversity. Nature Communications, 13 (1): 1-9. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-022-29347-9]
89. Thoni, R. J., Gurung, D. B. and Mayden, R. L. (2016). A review of the genus Garra Hamilton 1822 of Bhutan, including the descriptions of two new species and three additional records (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 4169 (1): 115-132. [DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.5]
90. Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research (2017). Aquatic Biodiversity Assessment: A baseline study in Mangdechhu, Central Bhutan. UWICER Press, Lamaigoenpa, Bumthang. 37 pp.
91. Ukita, J., Narama, C., Tadono, T., Yamanokuchi, T., Tomiyama, N., Kawamoto, S., Abe, C., Uda, T., Yabuki, H., Fujita, K. and Nishimura, K. (2011). Glacial lake inventory of Bhutan using ALOS data: Methods and preliminary results. Annals of Glaciology, 52 (58): 65-71. [DOI:10.3189/172756411797252293]
92. United Nations Development Programme (2023). Assessment of Climate Risks on Water Resources for National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for Bhutan. United Nations Development Programme, Bhutan, Department of Water. 170 pp.
93. UNEP-DHI and UNEP (2016). Transboundary River Basins: Status and Trends. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. 211 pp
94. Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. and Sarkar, U. K. (2007). Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow. 265+XXVIII pp.
95. Wang, T., Qi, D., Sun, S., Liu, Z., Du, Y., Guo, S. and Ma, J. (2019). DNA barcodes and their characteristic diagnostic sites analysis of Schizothoracinae fishes in Qinghai province. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 30 (4): 1-10. [DOI:10.1080/24701394.2019.1580273]
96. Wangchuk, J., Yoezer, D., Wangdi, N. and Wangdi, K. (2017). Macroinvertebrate and fish diversity in Mangdechhu Hydropower Plant, Trongsa Bhutan. NeBIO, 8 (4): 335-342.
97. Wangmo, S. and Rai, S. (2019). Study of ichthyofaunal diversity along Jomori river, Jomotsangkha wildlife sanctuary, Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhutan. NeBIO, 10 (4): 194-200.
98. Wangmo, S., Wangchuk, K., Douglas, M. R., Tshering, S. and Douglas, M. E. (2023). Exploring freshwater fish biodiversity in Bhutan through species distribution models: a case study on snowtrout (Cyprinidae: Schizothorax spp.). Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society, 5 (5): 1-28.
99. Ward-Campbell, B. M. S., Beamish, F. W. H. and Kongchaiya, C. (2005). Morphological characteristics in relation to diet in five coexisting Thai fish species. Journal of Fish Biology, 67 (5): 1266-1279. [DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00821.x]
100. William, F., Beamish, H., Sa-ardrit, P. and Tongnunui, S. (2006). Habitat characteristics of the Cyprinidae in small rivers in central Thailand. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 77: 237-253. [DOI:10.1007/s10641-006-9029-0]
101. Yang, L., Sado, T., Hirt, M. V., Pasco-viel, E., Arunachalam, M., Li, J., Wang, X., Freyhof, J., Saitoh, K., Simons, A. M., Miya, M., He, S. and Mayden, R. L. (2015). Phylogeny and Polyploidy: Resolving the classification of Cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 85: 97-116. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014]
102. Yavuzatmaca, M. (2020). Diversity analyses of nonmarine ostracods (Crustacea, ostracoda) in streams and lakes in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 44 (6): 519-530. [DOI:10.3906/zoo-2005-20]
103. Zeng, C., Wen, Y., Liu, X., Yu, J., Jin, B. and Li, D. (2022). Impact of anthropogenic activities on changes of ichthyofauna in the middle and lower Xiang River. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7: 693-702. [DOI:10.1016/j.aaf.2021.06.007]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
| Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb