Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2021)
JAD 2021, 3(2): 57-68 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Dhami B, Timilsina S, Adhikari A, Neupane B, Chhetri N B, Sharma A, et al . Research trends, conservation issues and approaches for the endangered Red panda (Ailurus fulgens): a systematic review of literatures across their home-range. JAD 2021; 3 (2) :57-68
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.html
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.html
Bijaya Dhami 
1, Sachin Timilsina2 , Amit Adhikari3 , Bijaya Neupane3 , Nar Bhadur Chhetri4 , Alisha Sharma3 , Aakash Paudel3 , Mahamad Sayab Miya3 , Byanjana Sharma3 , Apeksha Chhetri3
1, Sachin Timilsina2 , Amit Adhikari3 , Bijaya Neupane3 , Nar Bhadur Chhetri4 , Alisha Sharma3 , Aakash Paudel3 , Mahamad Sayab Miya3 , Byanjana Sharma3 , Apeksha Chhetri3
1- Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal , bijaysinghdhami@gmail.com
2- Society for Wildlife Research and Conservation (SOWREC), IOF, Pokhara, Nepal
3- Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
4- Assistant Forest Officer, Division Forest Office, Dailekh, Nepal
2- Society for Wildlife Research and Conservation (SOWREC), IOF, Pokhara, Nepal
3- Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
4- Assistant Forest Officer, Division Forest Office, Dailekh, Nepal
Abstract: (12229 Views)
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), an arboreal mammal belonging to the family Ailuridae, and order Carnivora with herbivorous tendencies is distributed across the mountains of Nepal, Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. Due to different anthropogenic activities, the wild populations of A. fulgens have declined by 50% across these range countries. There are many gaps in the current knowledge concerning this endangered, elusive, and charismatic animal. We applied a systematic review process to better understand the research trends, conservation threats, and approaches and identified research gaps that potentially impact the long-term conservation of A. fulgens. Altogether, we analyzed 168 published papers over 33 years and in different thematic areas. Our study revealed that studies on A. fulgens are not evenly distributed across the range of the species, with the majority of them being from China, then Nepal, and very few from Bhutan, India, and Myanmar. The majority of the literature concerning captive and free-ranging populations of A. fulgens is skewed toward different aspects of biology including anatomy, general behavior, reproduction, nutrition, and different aspects of habitat including distribution patterns, and habitat use. There is limited information on A. fulgens genetics and it is confined to Chinese populations. Studies on diseases, the impact of anthropogenic activities like tourism, infrastructure development, movement ecology, interaction with other associated species, and studies addressing the impact of climate change on this species are very sparse. Hence, for the conservation success of A. fulgens understanding, these issues are critical.
Type of Study: Review Article |
Subject:
Ecological Diversity
Received: 2021/02/17 | Accepted: 2021/03/28 | Published: 2021/06/30
Received: 2021/02/17 | Accepted: 2021/03/28 | Published: 2021/06/30
References
1. Acharya, K. P. and Dhakal, M. (2012). Biodiversity conservation in Nepal: A success story. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal. pp. 21–34.
2. Acharya, K. P., Shrestha, S., Paudel, P. K., Sherpa, A. P., Jnawali, S. R., Acharya, S. and Bista, D. (2018). Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in the Central Himalaya. Global Ecology and Conservation, 15: e00420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00420 [DOI]
3. Adhikari, A. (2009). An ecological overview of Red Panda. The Initiation, 3: 149–152. https://doi.org/10.3126/init.v3i0.2506 [DOI]
4. Bashir, T., Bhattacharya, T., Poudyal, K. and Sathyakumar, S. (2019). First camera trap record of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 11 (8): 14056–14061. https://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2785.8.7.8953-8969 [DOI]
5. Bhatta, M., Shah, K. B., Devkota, B., Paudel, R. and Panthi, S. (2014). Distribution and habitat preference of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Jumla District, Nepal. Open Journal of Ecology, 4 (15): 989–1001. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2014.415082 [DOI]
6. Bhattarai, M. (2019). Threats and conservation of Red Panda in Nepal and their socio-economic impacts in the local community. Journal of Development Innovations, 3 (2): 39–50.
7. Bista, D. (2018). Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, Eastern Nepal. The Himalayan Naturalist, 1 (1): 11–12.
8. Bista, D., Baxter, G. S. and Murray, P. J. (2020). What is driving the increased demand for Red Panda pelts? Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 25 (4): 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1728788 [DOI]
9. Bista, D., Paudel, P. K., Jnawali, S. R., Sherpa, A. P., Shrestha, S. and Acharya, K. P. (2019). Red Panda finescale habitat selection along a Central Himalayan longitudinal gradient. Ecology and Evolution, 9 (9): 5260–5269. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5116 [DOI]
10. Bista, D. and Paudel, R. (2013). An overview of the status and conservation initiatives of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) in Nepal. The Initiation, 5: 171–181. https://doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10268 [DOI]
11. Bista, D., Shrestha, S., Kunwar, A. J., Acharya, S., Jnawali, S. R. and Acharya, K. P. (2017). Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda of Nepal. PeerJ, 5: e3767.
12. Bista, D., Shrestha, S., Sherpa, P., Thapa, G. J., Kokh, M., Lama, S. T., Khanal, K., Thapa, A. and Jnawali, S. R. (2017). Distribution and habitat use of Red Panda in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape of Nepal. PloS One, 12 (10): e0178797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178797 [DOI]
13. Bista, M., Panthi, S. and Weiskopf, S. R. (2018). Habitat overlap between Asiatic Black Bear Ursus Thibetanus and Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in Himalaya. PloS One, 13 (9): e0203697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203697 [DOI]
14. Budithi, N. R. B., Kumar, V., Yalla, S. K., Rai, U. and Umapathy, G. (2016). Non-invasive monitoring of reproductive and stress hormones in the endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens). Animal Reproduction Science, 172: 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.016 [DOI]
15. Chakraborty, R., Nahmo, L. T., Dutta, P. K., Srivastava, T., Mazumdar, K. and Dorji, D. (2015). Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mammalia, 79 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105 [DOI]
16. Chalise, M. K. (2013). The presence of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens, Cuvier, 1825) in the Polangpati Area, Langtang National Park, Nepal. Biodiversity Conservation Efforts in Nepal 2013: 11–22.
17. CITES (2019). The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Around the World in 80 Species (April): 151–169.
18. Dalui, S., Khatri, H., Singh, S. K., Basu, S., Ghosh, A., Mukherjee, T., Sharma, L. K., Singh, R., Chandra, K. and Thakur, M. (2020). Fine-Scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Kangchenjunga Landscape, India. Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3 [DOI]
19. Dangol, B. and Chalise, M. K. (2018). Evidences of Red Panda in Rachuli VDC, Kalikot District, Nepal. Journal of Natural History Museum, 30: 121–128. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v30i0.27541 [DOI]
20. Dendup, P., Cheng, E., Lham, C. and Tenzin, U. (2017). Response of the endangered Red Panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances, and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan. Oryx, 51 (4): 701–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000399 [DOI]
21. Dendup, P., Humle, T., Bista, D., Penjor, U., Lham, C. and Gyeltshen, J. (2020). Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan. Ecology and Evolution, 10 (17): 9444–9453. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6632 [DOI]
22. Dendup, P., Lham, C., Wangchuk, J. and Tshering, K. (2018). Winter habitat preferences of endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang. Journal of Bhutan Ecological Society, 2: 1–13.
23. Deng, L., Yao, J. X., Liu, H. F., Zhou, Z. Y., Chai, Y. J., Wang, W. Y., Zhong, Z. J., Deng, J. L., Ren, Z. H. and Fu, H. L. (2019). First report of blastocystis in Giant Pandas, Red Pandas, and various bird species in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. International Journal forParasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 9: 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.007 [DOI]
24. Dorjee, D., Chakraborty, R. and Dutta, P. K. (2014). A note on the high elevation distribution record of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 6 (9): 6290–6292. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3492.6290-2 [DOI]
25. Dorji, S., Rajaratnam, R. and Vernes, K. (2012). The vulnerable Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Bhutan: Distribution, conservation status and management recommendations. Oryx, 46 (4): 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605311000780 [DOI]
26. Drukpa, S. (2018). Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and its habitats in Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. Field Assessment Reports 122.
27. Fuwen, W., Wei, W., Ang, Z., Jinchu, H. and Yi, W. (1995). Preliminary study on food selection and feeding strategy of Red Pandas. Shou Lei Xue Bao= Acta Theriologica Sinica, 15 (4): 259–66.
28. Fuwen, W., Zuojian, F. and Zuwang, W. (1999). Habitat selection by Giant Pandas and Red Pandas in Xiangling Mountains. Dong Wu Xue Bao. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 45 (1): 57–63.
29. Gang, Hu. (1998). the preliminary study on the habitat selection of the Red Panda in Pianma of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains. Journal of Southwest Forestry College, 18: 184–188.
30. Ghimire, G., Pearch, M., Baral, B., Thapa, B. and Baral, R. (2019). The first photographic record of the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 11 (12): 14576–14581. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4828.11.12.14576-14581 [DOI]
31. Ghose, D. and Dutta, P. K. (2011). Status and distribution of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in India. Pp. 357–373 in Red Panda. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7813-7.00020-3 [DOI]
32. Ghose, P. S., Sharma, B., Chakraborty, R. and Legshey, K. (2011). Status of Red Panda in Sikkim: A case study in East Sikkim. Biodiversity of Sikkim–Exploring and Conserving a Global Hotspot. Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Sikkim, 363–378.
33. Glatston, A., Wei, F., Zaw, A. T. and Sherpa, A. (2015). Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 8235: e.T714A110023718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN [DOI]
34. Glatston, A. R. (1994). Status survey and conservation action plan for Procyonids and Ailurids: the Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives. IUCN, Gland Switzerland. 59 pp.
35. GoB. (1995). Forest and Nature Conservation Act. Government of Bhutan, 21 pp.
36. GoN/DNPWC. (2018). Red Panda Conservation Action Plan for Nepal 2019–2023, 52.
37. GoN/MFSC. (1988). National Conservation Strategy, Government of Nepal/Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, GEF and UNDP. 117.
38. GoN/MFSC. (1998). Master Plan for the Forestry Sector Nepal: Forestry Sector Policy Kathmandu: GoN (Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation).
39. GoN/MFSC. (2002). Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal/ Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation).
40. GoN. (1973). National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. Nepal Gazette 43.
41. Guo, Y., Hu, Y., Qi, D., Zhan, X., Bruford, M. W. and Wei, F. (2011). Genotyping faeces of Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens): Implications for population estimation. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57 (6): 1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0556-4 [DOI]
42. Gyeltshen, K. (2010). Habitat analysis for Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary in Trashigang, Bhutan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Salzburg, Austria. 73 pp.
43. Hu, Y., Guo, Y. U., Qi, D., Zhan, X., Wu, H. U. A., Bruford, M. W. and Wei, F. (2011). Genetic structuring and recent demographic history of Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) inferred from microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology, 20 (13): 2662–2675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365 294X.2011.05126.x [DOI]
44. Hu, Y., Thapa, A., Fan, H., Ma, T., Wu, Q., Ma, S., Zhang, D., Wang, B., Li, M., Yan, L. and Wei, F. (2020). Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in Red Pandas. Science Advances, 6 (9): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5751 [DOI]
45. Hu, Y., Wu, Q., Ma, S., Ma, T., Shan, L., Wang, X., Nie, Y., Ning, Z., Yan, L. and Xiu, Y. (2017). Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the Bamboo-eating Giant and Red Pandas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (5): 1081–1086. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613870114 [DOI]
46. Huichang, C., Hualong, Y., Jun, H., Juai, S., Tongyi, L., Guangcheng, Y. and Dezhong, N. X. L. (1999). Arterial supply of the stomach and intestines of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Journal of Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Engineering, 4: 17–23.
47. Jha, A. K. (2011). Release and reintroduction of captive-bred Red Pandas into Singalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. pp. 435–446 in Red panda. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7813-7.00025-2 [DOI]
48. Jha, A., Molur, S., Leus, K. and Glatston, A. (2014). Population and habitat viability assessment workshop PHVA for" Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens): A Species Conservation Strategic Plan. ZOO’S PRINT, 29 (1): 11–15.
49. Jin, Z., Xu, H., Li, D., Xie, M., Zhang, M., Ni, Q. and Yao, Y. (2019). Complete mitochondrial genome of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and its phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 4 (2): 2339–2340. [DOI]
50. Jinchu, H. (1991). Study of reproduction biology of the Red panda. Journal of China West Normal University (Natural Sciences), 1: 1–7.
51. Jnawali, S., Leus, K., Molur, S., Glatston, A. and Walker, S. (2012). Red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in population and habitat viability assessment (PHVA) and species conservation strategy (SCS) workshop report. National Trust for Nature Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, India. 80 pp.
52. Joshi, B. D., Dalui, S., Singh, S. K., Mukherjee, T., Chandra, K., Sharma, L. K. and Thakur, M. (2020). New insights on species divergence in Red Panda. BioRxiv the Print Server for Biology, 1–8. [DOI]
53. Kandel, K., Huettmann, F., Suwal, M. K., Regmi, G. R., Nijman, V., Nekaris, K. A. I., Lama, S. T., Thapa, A., Sharma, H. P. and Subedi, T. R. (2015). rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model gis predictions: Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya Region. Biological Conservation, 181: 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007 [DOI]
54. Khan, A. S. and Baskaran, N. (2019). Summer activity and feeding pattern of captive Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, India. A Magazine of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2 (1): 4–10.
55. Kumar, A., Rai, U., Roka, B., Jha, A. K. and Reddy, P. A. (2016). Genetic assessment of captive Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) population. SpringerPlus, 5 (1): 1–7. [DOI]
56. Lama, B. (2019). Status and distribution of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Simsime Community Forest of Papung VDC of Taplejung District, Nepal. Banko Janakari, 29 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v29i1.25152 [DOI]
57. Lama, S. T., Lama, R. P., Regmi, G. R. and Ghimire, T. R. (2015). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in free-ranging Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Cuvier, 1825 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 7 (8): 7460–7464. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4208.7460-4 [DOI]
58. Lama, S., Shrestha, S., Koju, N. P., Sherpa, A. P. and Tamang, M. (2020). Assessment of the impacts of livestock grazing on endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) habitat in Eastern Nepal. Open Journal of Ecology, 10 (3): 97–110. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2020.103008 [DOI]
59. Lan, J., Fu, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Luo, L., Liu, L., Gu, X., Wang, S., Peng, X. and Yang, G. (2012). Treatment and prevention of natural heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) with Selamectin and Ivermectin. Parasitology International, 61 (2): 372–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.006 [DOI]
60. Li, M., Wei, F., Goossens, B., Feng, Z., Tamate, H. B., Bruford, M. W. and Funk, S. M. (2005). Mitochondrial phylogeography and subspecific variation in the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens): implications for conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1): 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.016 [DOI]
61. Li, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Shen, F., Zhang, W. and Yue, B. (2011). An ARMS‐based technique for sex determination of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Molecular Ecology Resources, 11 (2): 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02934.x [DOI]
62. Liang, X. U., Zhang, Z. H., Zhang, L., Zhang, W. P., Shen, F. J., Yang, Z., Hou, R., He, W., Wei, K. and Yue, B. S. (2007). Isolation and characterization of 16 Tetranucleotide Microsatellite Loci in the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7 (6): 1012–1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01759.x [DOI]
63. Liu, Z., Zhang, B., Wei, F. and Li, M. (2005). Isolation and characterization of Microsatellite Loci for the Red Panda, Ailurus fulgens. Molecular Ecology Notes, 5 (1): 27–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00818.x [DOI]
64. Mahato, N. K., Kandel, K. and Shakya, S. (2011). A long-term community-based monitoring and conservation program for Red Panda in unprotected forests of Eastern Nepal. Tigerpaper, 38 (1): 1–10.
65. Mallick, J. K. (2015). In situ and ex situ conservation of Red Panda in Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India. Animal Diversity, Natural History and Conservation, 5: 283–305.
66. NCD. (2018). Red Panda Conservation Action Plan (2018–2023): Ensuring the future of Red Panda landscapes through national and regional collaboration. Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan. 47 pp.
67. Nie, W., Wang, J., O’brien, P. C., Fu, B., Ying, T., Ferguson-Smith, M. A. and Yang, F. (2002). The genome phylogeny of Domestic Cat, Red Panda and five Mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and G-Banding. Chromosome Research, 10 (3): 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015292005631 [DOI]
68. Panthi, S., Aryal, A., Raubenheimer, D., Lord, J. and Adhikari, B. (2012). Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal. Zoological Studies, 51 (5): 701–709.
69. Panthi, S., Khanal, G., Acharya, K. P., Aryal, A. and Srivathsa, A. (2017). Large anthropogenic impacts on a charismatic small carnivore: insights from distribution surveys of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Nepal. PLoS One, 12 (7): e0180978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180978 [DOI]
70. Pilia, C., Badola, S., Fernandes, M. and Marak, S. R. (2020). Assessment of illegal trade-related threats to Red Panda in India and selected neighboring range countries. TRAFFIC, pp.28.
71. Pradhan, S., Saha, G. K. and Khan, J. A. (2001). Ecology of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. Biological Conservation, 98 (1): 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3 [DOI]
72. Pullin, A. S. and Stewart, G. B. (2006). Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology, 20 (6): 1647–1656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00485.x [DOI]
73. Qin, Q., Loeffler, I. K., Li, M., Tian, K. and Wei, F. (2007). Sequence analysis of a Canine Parvovirus isolated from a Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in China. Virus Genes, 34 (3): 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-006-0023-6 [DOI]
74. Qin, Q., Wei, F., Li, M., Dubovi, E. J. and Loeffler, I. K. (2007). Serosurvey of Infectious disease agents of carnivores in captive Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38 (1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1638/06-048.1 [DOI]
75. Reid, D. G., Jinchu, H. and Yan, H. (1991). Ecology of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Wolong Reserve, China. Journal of Zoology, 225 (3): 347–364. [DOI]
76. Sharma, H. P., Belant, J. L. and Swenson, J. E. (2014). Effects of livestock on occurrence of the vulnerable Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal. Oryx, 48 (2): 228–231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001403 [DOI]
77. Sharma, H. P. and Belant, J. L. (2010). Threats and conservation of Red Pandas in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 15 (4): 299–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200903582634 [DOI]
78. Sharma, H. P., Swenson, J. and Belant, J. L. (2014). Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 25 (1): 47–50.
79. Shrestha, S. and Maharjan, M. (2015). Parasitic burden in Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825) of Ilam District Community Forest, Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Zoology, 3 (1): 49–58.
80. Shrestha, S. and Maharjan, M. (2017). Cross infection with gastro-intestinal tract parasites between Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825) and livestocks in Community Forest of Ilam, Nepal. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology, 3 (4): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0304003 [DOI]
81. Shrestha, S., Shah, K. B., Bista, D. and Baral, H. S. (2015). Photographic identification of individual Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825). Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3 (1): 11–15.
82. Tao, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Fang, J., Han, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Ding, J. and Zhang, X. (2009). Fibroblast cell line establishment, cryopreservation and interspecies embryos reconstruction in Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Zygote, 17 (2): 117–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0967199408004966 [DOI]
83. Teng, L., Liu, X. and Liu, Z. (2013). Activity rhythm of captive Red Panda in rainy seasons. Journal of Economic Animal, 17 (2): 67–70.
84. Thapa, A., Hu, Y., Aryal, P. C., Singh, P. B., Shah, K. B. and Wei, F. (2020). The endangered Red Panda in Himalayas: potential distribution and ecological habitat associates. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21:e00890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00890 [DOI]
85. Thapa, A., Wu, R., Hu, Y., Nie, Y., Singh, P. B., Khatiwada, J. R., Yan, L., Gu, X. and Wei, F. (2018). Predicting the potential distribution of the endangered Red Panda across its entire range using MaxEnt Modeling. Ecology and Evolution, 8 (21): 10542–10554. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4526 [DOI]
86. Tobgay, S. and Mahavik, N. (2020). Potential habitat distribution of Himalayan Red Panda and their connectivity in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan. Ecology and Evolution, 10 (23): 12929-12939. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6874 [DOI]
87. Wang, X. (1997). New cranial material of Simocyon from China, and Its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17 (1): 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963 [DOI]
88. Wangchuk, K. (2013). Habitat status and conservation threats of the Red Panda in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. pp: 1–19.
89. Wangchuk, S. (2007). Maintaining Ecological Resilience by Linking Protected Areas through Biological Corridors in Bhutan. Tropical Ecology, 48 (2): 176–187.
90. Wei, F., Feng, Z., Wang, Z. and Hu, J. (1999). Current distribution, status and conservation of wild red pandas Ailurus fulgens in China. Biological conservation, 89 (3): 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6 [DOI]
91. Wei, F., Feng, Z., Wang, Z. and Li, M. 1999. Feeding strategy and resource partitioning between giant and red pandas. Mammalia, 63 (4): 417-430.
92. Wei, F., Feng, Z., Wang, Z., Zhou, A. and Hu, J. (1999). Nutrient and Energy Requirements of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) during Lactation. Mammalia, 63 (1): 3–10.
93. Wei, F. W., Traylor‐Holzer, K., Leus, K. and Glatston, A. (2014). Red Pandas in China: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop Final Report. Apple Valley, MN: IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.
94. Wei, F., Feng, Z., Wang, Z. and Hu, J. (1999). Current Distribution, Status and Conservation of Wild Red Pandas Ailurus fulgens in China. Biological Conservation, 89 (3): 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6 [DOI]
95. Wei, F., Feng, Z., Wang, Z., Zhou, A. and Hu, J. (1999). Use of the Nutrients in Bamboo by the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Journal of Zoology, 248 (4): 535–541. [DOI]
96. Wei, F., Lü, X., Li, C., Li, M., Ren, B. and Hu, J. (2005). Influences of Mating Groups on the Reproductive Success of the Southern Sichuan Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens styani). Zoo Biology: Published in Affiliation with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, 24 (2): 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20034 [DOI]
97. Wei, F. and Zhang, Z. (2011). Red Pandas in the Wild in China. Pp. 375–391 in Red Panda. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7813-7.00021-5 [DOI]
98. Wenguang, Z., Yuanman, H., Jinchu, H., Yu, C., Jing, Z. and Miao, L. (2008). Impacts of Land-Use Change on Mammal Diversity in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River, China: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation Planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85 (3–4): 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.11.006 [DOI]
99. Williams, B. H., Dahal, B. R. and Subedi, T. R. (2011). Project Punde Kundo: Community-Based Monitoring of a Red Panda Population in Eastern Nepal. Pp. 393–408 in Red Panda. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7813-7.00022-7 [DOI]
100. Xiu, Y. F., Liu, Y. L., Lin, C. S., Chou, C. H. and Liu, C. C. (2019). Changes In Serum Steroid Levels In Female Red Pandas. Canadian Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 4 (2): 136–143.
101. Yang, Q., Ran, J. H., Zhang, S. L. and Du, B. B. (2008). Distribution of Red Panda in Qionglai Mountains of Sichuan Province.
102. Yonzon, P. B. (1989). Ecology and Conservation of the Red Panda in the Nepal-Himalayas.
103. Yonzon, P. B. and Hunter Jr, M. L. (1991). Conservation of the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens. Biological Conservation, 57 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90104-H [DOI]
104. Yunfang, X., Liangping, S. and Shuhui, X. (2009). Serum Steroid Hormone Profiles in Female Red Panda. Journal of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 38 (1): 55-60.
105. ZAW, T., HTUN, S., Po, S. H. T., MAUNG, M., LYNAM, A. J., LATT1, K. T. and DUCKWORTH, J. W. (2008). Status and Distribution of Small Carnivores in Myanmar. Small Carnivore Conservation, 38: 2–28.
106. Zhang, J. S., Daszak, P., Huang, H. L., Yang, G. Y., Kilpatrick, A. M. and Zhang, S. (2008). Parasite Threat to Panda Conservation. Ecohealth, 5 (1): 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-007-0139-8 [DOI]
107. Zhang, L., Liang, X., Zhang, Z., Shen, F., Zhang, W., Wei, K., Yang, Z., Hou, R., Yue, B. and Kamata, H. (2008). Identification and Characterization of Ten Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci in the Red Panda Ailurus Fulgens. Conservation Genetics, 9 (3): 787–790. [DOI]
108. Zhang, Z., Hu, J., Han, Z. and Wei, F. (2011). Activity Patterns of Wild Red Pandas in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, China. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (3): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2011.563248 [DOI]
109. Zhang, Z. J., Wei, F. W. and Hu, J. C. (2007). Habitat Selection and Separation: A Case for the Giant Panda and the Red Panda. Journal of Chi-Na West Normal University: Natural Sciences, 28 (2): 111–116.
110. Zhi-ping, M. I. (2010). An Observation on the Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland in Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens). Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 4.
111. Zhou, X., Jiao, H., Dou, Y., Aryal, A., Hu, J., Hu, J. and Meng, X. (2013). The Winter Habitat Selection of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China. Current Science (Bangalore), 105 (10): 1425–1429.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
| Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb