In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of chickpea under drought stress, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in 2011 at the Research Center of Plant Sciences in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The first factor was different levels of methanol including, 0 (control), 20, 25, 30, 35 volumetric percentage (v/v), which were used as foliar applications at three times during growth season of chickpea, with 10 days intervals. Second factor was drought stress condition in two levels 25 and 100 percent of field capacity. Results showed that there was significant difference (P‌0.01) between methanol levels concentrations regarding to leaf protein content, proline content, total soluble sugar, H₂O₂ content, catalase, peroxidase and SOD enzyme activity. Spraying with 30% volume level significantly increasedleaf protein, proline and total soluble sugar content compared to control. Effects of drought and methanol were not significant on antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf protein content, total soluble sugar and H₂O₂ content but on the proline content was significant (P‌0.05).

The effects of water stress on some compatible solutes including proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine, the level of lipid peroxidation and membrane stability in two species of Sainfoin (Onobrychis radiate (Desf.) M.Bieb. and Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) were investigated. The experimental plan was a basic factorial design, completely random with four replications and water stress was applied based on irrigation at 50, 60, 70 and 100% of Field Capacity (FC). Different physiological responses were observed between the species in their response to water stress. Our results showed that O. radiata possessed greater increments in soluble sugars content and glycine betaine than O. viciifolia. The Relative Water Content (RWC) in O. viciifolia was significantly lower comparing with O. radiate. The Relative Water Loss (RWL) of O. viciifolia had significantly decreased compared to control plants in all treatments and O. viciifolia was not able to withstand the 50% soil field capacity and dried out. Lipid peroxidation in O. radiata was lower than O. viciifolia and membrane of leaf cells in O. radiata was more oxidatively stable compared to O. viciifolia.

The aim was to study structure of the biochemical constituents of olive fruit show considerable changes during growth and ripening. In this investigation was studied some biochemical characterization (total sugar, photosynthetic pigments and total anthocyanin) on Koroneiki, T₂ and T₇ cultivars of olives in during fruit ripening in Ahvaz zone. So that, information on these parameters is important factor in quality assessment of olive products. Samples were harvested on 1th of July and on every 15th of each month till October. Photosynthetic pigments content was measured according to Lichtenthaler. Total anthocyanin was determined by the PH differential method. The soluble carbohydrates were determined using the phenol-sulphuric acid method. The highest and lowest content of total carotenoid belonged to Koroneiki cultivar (16.14 mg/g FW) at harvest 1 and to T₂ cultivar (2.64 mg/g FW) at harvest 6, respectively. The anthocyanin content of different olive cultivars increased in during fruit ripening. Highest of total anthocyanin content belonged to T₇ cultivar (0.033 mg/g FW) at harvest 6. The total sugar content decreased during ripening. The highest total sugar content of fruit belonged to Koroneiki cultivar (86.3 mg/g FW) at harvesting time 1 and the lowest to T₇ cultivar (7.7 mg/g FW)  at harvesting time 6 as well. In general, T₇ cultivar by high content of anthocyanin and adaptation to warm climatic conditions of ahvaz, showed its advantage in comparison to the other studied cultivars.

In order to determination of relationship between yield and physiological and phenological traits and to understanding direct and indirect effects of various parameters on the yield, an experiment was conducted on 20 genotypes of strawberries at center of research of Kurdistan, Iran. Multivariate statistical analyses including principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to assess the pattern grouping of genotypes. Results of cluster analysis based on all measured traits, grouped genotypes into 5 clusters at Euclidean distance of 10. Important traits with high effects on clustering included chlorophyll a, b, ab, anthocyanin, yield, flowering period and appearance of first flower and fruit. PCA analysis revealed 4 principle components that covered 68.62% of total variance. The first component with 29.57% included chlorophyll a, b, ab, anthocyanin and yield, and the second component with 17.24% included flowering period and appearance of first flower and fruit. Results of biplot were similar to the results of cluster analysis. Although there was positive and significant correlation between chlorophyll a, b, ab, flowering period, and appearance of the first fruit with yield, there were not significant correlation between soluble solids and titratable acidity with yield. There was a negative and significant correlation between anthocyanin and appearance of the first flower with yield. The results of stepwise regression showed that 6 characters entered to model including anthocyanin content, flowering period, appearance of the first fruit and flower, stolon and fruiting period. Genetic Path coefficient analysis revealed that appearance of the first fruit had the highest positive direct effect on yield and anthocyanin had the highest negative direct effect on yield.

Iran is located in the southeastern part of Fertile Crescent where is considered as the center of origin and domestication of cultivated barley in the world. Therefore, having information about genetic diversity of this species is very important. In order to evaluate genetic variation in Hordeum vulgare L. cultivated in Iran, 14 accessions including seven of two-rowed (21 individual) and seven six-rowed barley  (21 individual) accessions from various regions of Iran and one accession of commercial cultivar ‘Morex’ were evaluated using 20 primer pairs of microsatellites. Microsatellite data were analyzed by Powermarker software ver. 3.25. The results of this study showed high genetic diversity (mean polymorphism information content or PIC = 0.670 and mean allele number = 6.65) in Iranian barley landraces. The genetic diversity in var. distichon was considerably higher than var. hexastichon.

Salinity is a major environmental stress that affects the crop yields and the pea plants are high sensitive to salt stress. Salinity through oxidative stress damage cell structures, and antioxidants by eliminating free radicals increase tolerance to these stresses. In this research, effects of salt stress and leaf spray with ascorbic acid on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were investigated. The experiment is conducted as a factorial in a completely random design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Salt stress has been applied by 0, 50, 100 mM NaCl solution and foliar were treatment by ascorbic acid solution 0, 3 and 6 mM in 3-5 leave stage. plants exposure to sodium chloride, were showed decrease in growth parameters and content of photosynthetic pigments in comparison with control plants, But the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and the content of proline and lipid peroxidation were increased. In plants exposed to sodium chloride and ascorbic acid, growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments were higher than plants only exposed to sodium chloride, although the lipid peroxidation and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and the content of proline were decreased. The results showed that spraying of ascorbic acid (as an antioxidant) is caused tolerance to salt stress and decreased of side effects of sodium chloride in Cicer arietinumm L.

Walnut fruit skin has compounds that can be used to prepare green color. Color stability of the dye extracts always considered by researchers. Metallic ions help stability of these compounds during of time by complex formation. The purpose of this study provides extracts of green color with more stability for use in the textile and dyeing fibers. Green color of walnut skin was extracted by methanol and affected by metallic ions (iron, copper, aluminum) in two different pH (3, 4.5) with three different ratio (1:1, 2:2.4:4) of juice and metallic ions. Then, color parameters L*(lightness) a*(green-red) b*(blue-yellow) in treatments was measurement by colorimeter in 10 days. Concerns to results, cupper treatments has better effect on green color stability than iron and aluminum treatments in more acidic conditions. Also compare of three different ratio of juice and metallic ions show that 2:2(iron and aluminum treatments) and 4:4(copper treatments) has better effect on a* factor in pH =3. Therefore, our results show the color stability by metallic ions (especially cupper) in acidic condition which can use to produce the juices with better color quality for coloring of fiber in loom.

The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of drought stress, UV-B radiation and the combined effects of UV-B and drought stresses on two cultivars of gourd (mashhadi and hamadani) seedling. the gourd plants were grown with diurnal regime of 16h light and 8h dark and temperature of 22/260C (night/day). The relative humidity was 60% and average of photosynthetically active radiation was 150 µmol.m-2.S for 25 days. Then, 25-days-old seedlings were divided in to four groups: the control and three groups subjected to stress conditions: UV-B radiation and drought stress conditions, UV-B radiation and drought stresses combined. Results showed that shoot and root length, shoot and root dry and fresh weight, leaf total area, leaf RWC, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents which were irradiated either with UV-B, drought stress or combined of two stresses have reduced significantly when compared with control. The physiological parameters indicate that with this experiment situation UV-B stress has stronger stress effectors than drought on the growth of seedling of both cultivars. The results suggested that co-stresses of supplementary UV-B radiation and drought synergistically functioned and one of them could alleviate the inhibitory effects of another under the condition of arid and semiarid loessial soils.

The current study was carried out to ditermine the effect of different levels of salicylic acid (SA) on yield and some physiological characteristics of sweet corn hybrids under water stress, using split plots in the base of randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were included water stress and salicylic acid both at three levels and three hybrids of sweet corn (pashen, basin and chalenjer) respectively as main plot, sub plot and sub sub plots. The results showed that the effects of water strees were significant on all traits. The effect of SA was significant on most traits except catalase including canned yield, forage fresh weight, forage dry weight, eair wet yield, 1000 seeds weight, a cholorophyll, b cholorophyll and peroxidase. The effect of hybrids were significant on canned yield, wet and dry forage yield and "a" chlorophyll content of leaf and were not significant on other traits. The interaction between water stress, salicylic acid and hybrids were significant on all traits. The maximum amount of canned yield, forage wet weight, weight of forage dry, fresh ear yield, were obtained  respectively 1455, 4541, 1123 and 2749.3 gr/m2 when the three following treatments, irrigation after drainage 50% available soil water, SA 0.5 ml molar and pashen hybrid were combined. In general the results showed that application of SA relatively reduced the negative effects of water deficit stress.

Nanotechnology or using technology in the case of atoms and molecules is one of the most important techniques in present century, which will affect on future of world economy. This study was designed to examine the Nanoparticles synthesis and effects of silver nanoparticles (0, 0.5,1,5,10,25,40 ppm) on morphological and physiological indexes of basil(Ocimum basilicum L.). Measurement of root and shoots dry weight and lenght showed that increasing of Silver nanoparticles concentrations have an adverse effect on them. Also our results showed that by increasing silver nanoparticles concentration, the amount of soluble sugars increase. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, which play an important role in detoxification of reactive oxygen species in cells, were measured in leaf treated with Silver nanoparticles and the result showed increase in peroxidase Guaiacol and catalase amount and its reason can be found in the effect of different results of silver nanoparticles in different concentrations on morphologic and physiologic of basil plant.

Organic fertilizers are a source of very useful for improving soil quality and yield of various crops. Vermicompost and derived products such as compost tea as a product of urban waste recycling with proper physicochemical features, can play an effective role in plant growth and development and also in reducing harmful effects of various environmental stresses on plants. In order to evaluate the effects of compost tea on some morphological characteristics of lentil under water deficit stress, a factorial experiment was conducted factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in 2015 at the Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. The first factor was different levels of compost tea including, 0 (control), 25, 50 and 75 volumetric percentage and second factor was water stress in three levels, 25, 50 and 100 field of capacity. Foliar application of compost tea was applied 3 times during plant growth stage (seedling, flowering and podding). Results showed that there was significant difference (p 0.01) between vermicompost levels concentrations regarding to plant height, number of branches, leaf number per pod, root and shoot dry weight, taproot length, root diameter, root volume, root area and number of pod. Foliar application of compost tea, for most traits of shoot compared to the control group increased significantly but in the root characteristics under moderate and severe water stress, there was no significant difference between treatments. Considering that, compost tea contains many of the growth regulators and micro and macro element will be introduced as an appropriate fertilizer to increase morphological parameters.